Good bye year 2016. Hello year 2017.
We all know that 2017 is a prime number, but it is more than just another prime number.
2017π (rounds to nearest integer) is a prime
2017e (rounds to nearest integer ) is a prime.
The sum of all odd primes up to 2017 is a prime number, i.e. 3+5+7+11+...+2017 is a prime number.
The sum of the cube of gap of primes up to 2017 is a prime number. That is (3-2)^3 + (5-3)^3 + (7-5)^3 + (11-7)^3 + ... + (2017-2011)^3 is a prime number.
The prime number before 2017 is 2017+(2-0-1-7), which makes it a sexy prime, and the prime after 2017 is 2017+(2+0+1+7). 2017 itself is of course equal to 2017+(2*0*1*7)
Insert 7 into any two digits of 2017, it is still a prime number,
i.e. 27017, 20717, 20177 are all primes. Plus, 20177 is also a prime
number
Since all digits of 2017 is less than 8, it can be viewed as an octal. 2017 is still a prime number as an octal.
2017 can be written as a sum of three cubes of primes, i,e, p^3 +q^3 +r^3 for some primes p, q, r.
2017 can be written as a sum of cubes of five distinct integers.
2017 can be written as x^2+y^2, x^2+2y^2, x^2+3y^2, x^2+4y^2 x^2+6y^2, x^2+7y^2, x^2+8y^2, x^2+9y^2 (for positive integers x, y)
20170123456789 is also a prime
the 2017th prime number is 17539 and 201717539 is also a prime.
Let p=2017, then both (p+1)/2 and (p+2)/3 are prime numbers.
The first ten digits of the decimal expansion of the cubic root of 2017 contains all different digits 0~9. 2017 is the least integer has this property.
2017 = 2^11 - 11th prime
You can check OEIS for more interesting facts for your favorite numbers :)
If , then iff there is a key of type in a box of type . for every palidrone by Cauchy-Schwarz inequility.
Denote by the number of boxes of type and the total number of keys of type (including the keys you start with and keys in boxes).
Theorem. All box can be opened iff for every , and there is a directed path from to in graph .
Proof.
()
If , then we don’t have enough keys of type to open all boxes of type .
If there is no path from to , then it means we are unable to get any key of type .
()
We prove this by induction on the number of boxes. Denote by the number of boxes.
Assume for every , and there is a directed path from to in graph .
Case :
Then all vertices in are leaves except and the type of the only box. So there must be an edge from 0 to the type of the box.
Case :
Suppose the theorem holds for the case with boxes.
There are at least one . Consider we open a box of type (that contains a key of type if possible). Assume we destroy the key and the box just opened, then we have a setting of boxes. In this setting, we still have for all . Let be the directed graph of this -box setting.
If , then all children of in become children of , can still reach all other types in .
Assume .
If , then we can open a box of type that contains a key of type .
Otherwise, because , we still hold at least one key of type after we open a box of type (and destroy the key).
Either way, . Therefore, for every child of in , either
1. (if a key of type is in the box we just opened), or
2. and so there is a path from to and then to .
So can still reach very vertex in .
By induction hypothesis, the remaining can also be opened.
By the proof of the theorem, there is a simple algorithm to open all boxes: open any box unless you have just one key of that type and box does not contain a key that can open itself.
However, this algorithm may not yield a "lexicographically smallest" way to open the boxes.
The solve the problem, you should open the box with smallest number such that either this box is the last one of type or there is still a way to get a type key.
The Surprise Examination Paradox and the Second Incompleteness Theorem (pdf 檔)
Surprise exam paradox 又稱 hanging man paradox,也是極有名的悖論。悖論的成因有更種不同的說法,有一種看法認為跟「知識」的本質有關,因為用到數學歸納法,其中也涉及到假設情形下的「知」。這篇文章利用這個悖論來證明 Godel's incompleteness theorem,並反過來,用不完備性來解釋這個悖論的成因。
簡單的說,就是將「知」比為「證明」時,「猜不到」 就類同於「不能證明」。這樣,就牽扯到了 consistency。
Project Euler 的 198 題。簡單的說,要算出分母在 10^8 以內,大小在 0~0.01 之間的「混淆數」總共有幾個 。而所謂的混淆數 x,是指如果對於某個 m,分母不超過 m 的「最近似 x 的分數」不只一個時,就稱 x 為混淆數。比方對於 x=9/40 來說,m=6 時, 1/5 和 1/4 都是分母不超過 6 最近似 x 的分數。
這個題目其實如果沒有任何基礎知識的話,還不太容易,所以解出的人不多。但站在一些基礎知識之上, 10^8 這種數量級是很容易用程式來秒殺的。據說 Knuth 的 The Art of Computer Programming 裡面就有提供相關的演算法。
不過使用 Haskell,可以很直接的用遞迴解出:
f a b l m | a*b>l || (a==1 && b > m) = 0
| otherwise = (f a c l m)+1+(f c b l m) where c=a+b
main = putStrLn $ show result
where result= (f 1100 l2 m) + 49+l2-m
l = 10^8
l2 = l `div` 2
m = floor (sqrt (fromIntegral l2)
As far as the properties of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain: and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality. Albert Einstein
"Obvious" is the most dangerous word in mathematics. Eric Temple Bell
A talk in mathematics should be one of four things: beautiful, deep, surprising... or short. Michel Mendès France, remark, c. 1986
There are only two kinds of modern mathematics books — those you cannot read beyond the first page and those you cannot read beyond the first sentence. C. N. Yang
Factorials were someone's attempt to make math look exciting. Steven Wright
A circle is the longest distance to the same point. Tom Stoppard
There is very little flexibility in the behavior of the Universe. What it does once, it does again. Isaac Asimov
What makes the Universe so hard to comprehend is that there's nothing to compare it with. Ashleigh Brilliant
If you wish to make an apple pie from scratch, you must first invent the universe. Carl Sagan, Cosmos (1980)
The whole of science is nothing more than a refinement of everyday thinking. Albert Einstein, Out of My Later Years (1950)
Science is a long history of learning how not to fool ourselves. Richard Feynman, quoted in K. C. Cole, The Universe and the Teacup: The Mathematics of Truth and Beauty (1998)
The main object of all science is the freedom and happiness of man. Thomas Jefferson
Science is always simple and always profound. It is only the half-truths that are dangerous. George Bernard Shaw, The Doctor's Dilemma (1913)
The experimenter who does not know what he is looking for will never understand what he finds. Claude Bernard
I have little patience with scientists who take a board of wood, look for its thinnest part, and drill a great number of holes where drilling is easy. Albert Einstein
Every hour a scientist spends trying to raise funds is an hour lost from important thought and research. Isaac Asimov
"Research" means "to search again." Why not? Sometimes, a new interpretation emerges that is of vast importance. Isaac Asimov
Basic research is what I am doing when I don't know what I am doing. Wernher von Braun
In research the front line is almost always in a fog. Francis Crick, What Mad Pursuit: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery (1988)
Results! Why, man, I have gotten a lot of results. I know several thousand things that won't work. Thomas Edison
If we knew what it was we were doing, it would not be called research, would it? Albert Einstein
The final results [of his work on the theory of relativity] appear almost simple; any intelligent undergraduate can understand them without much trouble. But the years of searching in the dark for a truth that one feels, but cannot express; the intense effort and the alternations of confidence and misgiving, until one breaks through to clarity and understanding, are only known to him who has himself experienced them. Albert Einstein
The mere formulation of a problem is far more often essential than its solution, which may be merely a matter of mathematical or experimental skill. To raise new questions, new possibilities, to regard old problems from a new angle requires creative imagination and marks real advances in science. Albert Einstein
If we want an answer from nature, we must put our questions in acts, not words, and the acts may take us to curious places. Some questions were answered in the laboratory, others in mines, others in a hospital where a surgeon pushed tubes in my arteries to get blood samples, others on top of Pike's Peak in the Rocky Mountains, or in a diving dress on the bottom of the sea. That is one of the things I like about scientific research. You never know where it will take you next. J. B. S. [John Burdon Sanderson] Haldane
Why think? Why not try the experiment? John Hunter, letter to Edward Jenner
Copy from one, it's plagiarism; copy from two, it's research. Wilson Mizner
For God's sake, stop researching for a while and begin to think. Sir Walter Hamilton Moberly, The Crisis in the University (1949)
I didn't think; I experimented. Wilhelm Roentgen
We haven't the money, so we've got to think. Ernest Rutherford, in R. V. Jones, Bulletin of the Institute of Physics 1962, 13, 102
The joy of research must be found in doing, since every other harvest is uncertain. Theobald Smith
Research means going out into the unknown with the hope of finding something new to bring home. If you know in advance what you are going to do, or even to find there, then it is not research at all: then it is only a kind of honourable occupation. Albert Szent-Györgi, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine (1971)
If a research project is not worth doing at all, it is not worth doing properly. Unknown, Journal of Irreproducible Results 1961, 9, 43
The difference between science and magic is that magicians usually know what they're doing. Ashleigh Brilliant
There are two kinds of truth; the truth that lights the way and the truth that warms the heart. The first of these is science, and the second is art. . . . Without art science would be as useless as a pair of high forceps in the hands of a plumber. Without science art would become a crude mess of folklore and emotional quackery. Raymond Chandler, The Notebooks of Raymond Chandler (1976)
Everything should be as simple as possible — but not simpler. Albert Einstein
Most of the fundamental ideas of science are essentially simple, and may, as a rule, be expressed in a language comprehensible to everyone. Albert Einstein
The only source of knowledge is experience. Albert Einstein
There is no logical way to the discovery of these elemental laws. There is only the way of intuition, which is helped by a feeling for the order lying behind the appearance. Albert Einstein
You do not really understand something unless you can explain it to your grandmother. Albert Einstein
The most incomprehensible thing about the world is that it is incomprehensible. Albert Einstein, quoted in his obituary (April 19, 1955)
I think and think for months, for years; 99 times the conclusion is false, but the hundredth time I am right. Albert Einstein, quoted in Banesh Hoffman, Albert Einstein, Creator and Rebel (1972)
Nothing is too wonderful to be true if it be consistent with the laws of nature. Michael Faraday
This is common to all our laws; they all turn out to be simple things, although complex in their actual actions. Richard Feynman, The Character of Physical Law (1965)
Being a language, mathematics may be used not only to inform but also, among other things, to seduce. Benoit Mandelbrot
The aim of science is not to open the door to infinite wisdom, but to set a limit to infinite error. Bertolt Brecht
Science is everything we understand well enough to explain to a computer. Art is everything else. David Knuth
There is a theory which states that if ever anyone discovers exactly what the Universe is for and why it is here, it will instantly disappear and be replaced by something even more bizarre and inexplicable. There is another theory which states that this has already happened. Douglas Adams
A common mistake that people make when trying to design something completely foolproof is to underestimate the ingenuity of complete fools. Douglas Adams. Mostly Harmless
All of physics is either impossible or trivial. It is impossible until you understand it, and then it becomes trivial. Ernest Rutherford
If we are to achieve results never before accomplished, we must employ methods never before attempted. Francis Bacon
You cannot teach a man anything; you can only help him find it within himself. Galileo Galilei
he most exciting phrase to hear in science, the one that heralds the most discoveries, is not "Eureka!" but "That′s funny..." Isaac Asimov
If I have seen further than others, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants. Isaac Newton
If the brain were simple enough for us to understand it, we would be too simple to understand it. Ken Hill